Lions, tigers, leopards and cheetahs in zoos require large territories and complex environments, with welfare standards varying significantly between facilities.
Big cat welfare in traditional zoo enclosures is frequently compromised by insufficient space and environmental complexity. These are wide-ranging predators whose daily movement needs cannot be met in enclosures of even a few acres. Stereotypic pacing is the most visible welfare indicator of chronic spatial frustration. Modern exhibits that provide multiple acres, complex terrain, variety, and feeding enrichment represent significant improvements, but even the best zoo big cat enclosures are vastly smaller than wild territories. Sanctuaries that prioritise individual welfare over breeding and public access can provide better welfare for unadoptable big cats.