Andean condors are critically threatened by lead poisoning from ingesting bullet fragments in carcasses - this preventable welfare harm is now one of the leading causes of condor mortality.
Lead poisoning welfare impacts on condors are severe and prolonged. Affected birds develop progressive neurological symptoms including inability to fly, weakness and disorientation before death. The suffering period can extend over days or weeks. The tragedy is that this welfare harm is entirely preventable - switching to non-lead ammunition eliminates the primary exposure route. Conservation partnerships with hunting communities have made progress in some areas. Veterinary intervention can treat mildly poisoned birds but field detection is difficult. Advocacy for mandatory non-lead ammunition in condor range areas is the most impactful welfare intervention.