Sun bears are the smallest bear species and are frequently kept illegally as pets or in bile farms - dedicated sanctuaries play a critical role in rehabilitation and welfare restoration.
Sun bear welfare in illegal captivity is among the most severe documented in any species. Bile farm bears are confined in crush cages preventing natural movement, with surgical wounds that frequently become infected. Rescued bears show long-term psychological trauma including stereotypic swaying, self-mutilation and fear responses. Rehabilitation requires expert care addressing both physical injuries and psychological recovery, often taking years. Sanctuary environments that provide forest access, climbing structures and social interaction with other bears are essential for welfare recovery. Supporting accredited sanctuaries and enforcing trade bans are the primary welfare interventions.