Ducks are semi-aquatic birds whose welfare depends critically on access to water for bathing and preening, a need that is routinely denied in intensive duck farming systems.
Duck welfare in commercial farming centres on water access because ducks' biology is so specifically adapted to aquatic environments. The preening behaviour that maintains feather condition - essential for waterproofing and temperature regulation - requires full bill and head immersion in water, combined with application of preen gland oil. Without adequate water, feather condition deteriorates, leading to impaired thermoregulation and the frustration of a strongly motivated behaviour. Eye cleaning is similarly dependent on water: conjunctivitis and eye discharge are significantly more common in ducks housed with only nipple drinkers, because ducks normally flush eye debris using water. The welfare compromise of water deprivation is not subtle - it systematically impairs health, frustrates fundamental behavioural needs, and affects feather condition throughout the duck's life. Higher-welfare duck production systems that provide open water access - whether through ponds, channels, or shower systems - demonstrate that water provision is practically achievable at commercial scale. Consumer demand for higher-welfare duck products with certified water access can drive market change in this area.