Dairy cow social behaviour is complex and their housing must provide enough space and resources for normal social interaction without forced competition that causes chronic stress.
Dairy cow social welfare is determined by the gap between resource availability and herd size. When cubicle numbers are insufficient, subordinate cows are denied access to lying space by dominant herd members. Extended standing causes hoof problems and physical discomfort, compounding social stress. Water and feeder competition similarly disadvantages subordinate animals' nutrition and wellbeing. The solution is not to eliminate social hierarchy, which is natural, but to provide sufficient resources that all animals - regardless of rank - can meet their basic needs without chronic deprivation. Stocking density standards that reflect this social reality are a fundamental welfare requirement.