Farmed Duck Water Access Science

Ducks are obligate water-users whose welfare depends critically on access to open water for bathing, swimming, and head immersion. The science of duck water needs has important implications for farm policy.

Key Facts

Domestic ducks are descended from mallards, which spend much of their time on or near water
Ducks require full body immersion to maintain feather condition and thermoregulation
Without open water, ducks develop eye, feather, and respiratory problems
UK and EU minimum standards for farmed ducks do not require access to open water for swimming
The Netherlands requires open water access for farmed ducks; the UK and most EU countries do not

Welfare Considerations

Duck water access is one of the clearest cases of a gap between species behavioral needs and farm production standards. Ducks need water for full head immersion to clean their eyes and nares, for feather maintenance, and for thermoregulation. Depriving ducks of water access causes measurable physical welfare problems and prevents expression of highly motivated natural behaviors. Research using preference testing consistently shows ducks strongly prefer open water when given a choice. Policy reform requiring minimum open water provision is overdue in most producing countries.

What You Can Do

Choose duck products from higher-welfare producers that provide open water access
Support RSPCA Assured certification for ducks, which requires pond access
Advocate for EU and UK legislative reform to require open water access for farmed ducks
Engage with supermarkets about their duck welfare sourcing standards