Goldeneye and goosander are diving ducks with contrasting ecology: goldeneye nest in tree cavities while goosanders are large fish-eating specialists. Both face welfare challenges from fishery conflicts and winter food availability.
Goosander welfare is significantly affected by illegal persecution and legal control at fisheries. Although shooting requires a specific licence, illegal killing by gamekeepers and fishery managers is documented. Wounded birds that escape immediate death suffer from unresolved injuries. The legal licensing system for goosander control remains controversial, with conservation organisations arguing that lethal control is disproportionate to fishery impacts and that non-lethal deterrents should be prioritised. Goldeneye welfare challenges are less acute but include competition with other cavity-nesting species for natural nest sites and disturbance during the breeding season. Winter welfare for both species depends on suitable ice-free water bodies with adequate fish populations - hard winters that freeze inland waters cause displacement and increased mortality, particularly for juveniles.