Military working dogs and horses have served alongside humans for centuries, and their welfare requires specific consideration given the extreme demands of military service.
Military animals serve in conditions of extreme stress - loud noises, unfamiliar environments, danger, and separation from familiar companions. Dogs in particular may develop trauma responses after combat deployment. The UK military has made progress in recognising and treating stress responses in service dogs, and retirement pathways have improved significantly. Ceremonial horses face different but significant welfare challenges from traffic noise, crowds, and extreme weather conditions during long public duties.