Water buffalo are farmed across Asia, parts of Europe, and beyond for milk, meat, and draft work. Their welfare needs are distinct from domestic cattle and often poorly understood.
Water buffalo face welfare challenges similar to dairy cattle but with added complexity: their greater heat sensitivity means inadequate wallowing or shade access causes significant suffering. The draft buffalo used in agriculture face overwork, poor nutrition, and inadequate veterinary care in many regions. Calf separation remains a universal concern in buffalo dairy systems, with both cows and calves vocalising for extended periods after separation.