Water buffalo are farmed for mozzarella and other dairy products globally. Their welfare needs differ importantly from cattle and require species-specific attention.
Water buffalo dairy welfare mirrors cattle dairy welfare concerns but with additional species-specific dimensions. Buffalo are more heat-sensitive and require wallowing access that many commercial facilities do not provide, creating chronic heat stress. Calf separation causes distress to both cows and calves with vocalisations documented for extended periods after separation. The premium nature of buffalo dairy products could support welfare premiums, but welfare certification infrastructure for this species is poorly developed compared to cattle. Consumer demand for welfare-assured buffalo dairy could drive development of appropriate standards.