Penguins in captivity require careful temperature and humidity management. Species-specific needs vary enormously between Antarctic and temperate-climate species kept in zoos.
Penguin welfare in captivity illustrates the importance of species-specific knowledge in zoo management. African penguins kept in sub-zero exhibits designed for Antarctic species, or Antarctic species kept in warm maritime climates, experience chronic physiological stress. Getting the basics right - appropriate temperature, flooring, social group size, and swimming facilities - is the foundation of penguin welfare. Zoos with appropriate facilities and expertise provide acceptable welfare; those without should not keep penguins regardless of their visitor appeal.