Tilapia is one of the most widely farmed fish globally but welfare standards vary dramatically - intensive production in developing countries often has significant welfare shortfalls.
Tilapia welfare has received less attention than salmon or trout but is equally important given the scale of production. Evidence shows tilapia are sentient fish capable of experiencing stress and pain. Water quality management is the single most important welfare factor - high ammonia, low dissolved oxygen, and overcrowding cause significant harm. Better industry standards covering stocking density, water quality targets, and harvest welfare are needed globally. Certification schemes from ASC and others are beginning to address tilapia welfare.