The One Health framework recognises the connections between human, animal, and environmental health - animal welfare is increasingly recognised as integral to this approach.
Animal welfare is not merely a side concern within One Health - it is centrally connected to system-wide health outcomes. Animals under welfare stress have impaired immune function and higher disease susceptibility, increasing antibiotic use and AMR risk. Wildlife trade and habitat destruction create zoonotic spillover risks. Farm animal welfare improvements that reduce crowding and stress directly contribute to AMR reduction goals. Recognising animal welfare as a One Health pillar elevates its policy importance and creates new advocacy opportunities.