The 3Rs framework (Replace, Reduce, Refine) in laboratory animal welfare requires species-specific application - generic approaches miss species-particular welfare needs.
Species-specific application of the 3Rs is essential because animals have different evolutionary histories and behavioural needs. A generic 'enrichment' approach that ignores these differences provides little welfare benefit. For example, placing nesting material in a zebrafish tank requires understanding zebrafish ecology, not just assuming enrichment is good. The growing body of species-specific refinement research enables regulatory bodies to develop evidence-based minimum standards. Investing in NC3Rs and similar organisations that fund species-specific 3Rs research directly reduces suffering in laboratory animals.