Stockpersons' ability to recognise pain in farm animals is a critical bottleneck in farm animal welfare, with validated pain scales now providing better tools for assessment.
The gap between available pain management tools and their use on farms represents one of the most correctable welfare failures in animal agriculture. Validated pain scales demonstrate that farm animals experience pain from routine procedures, but stockperson training and economic frameworks have not kept pace with the science. Pain recognition training programmes that use video-based learning of facial action units have shown the most promise. Regulatory requirements for pain relief for specific procedures are expanding but remain incomplete.