Water buffalo are vital working and dairy animals for hundreds of millions of people globally, but welfare standards vary enormously, with significant problems in some production systems.
Water buffalo are sentient animals with complex social and physical needs, yet they often receive minimal welfare consideration compared to cattle. In traditional working systems, pain, overloading, and inadequate nutrition are common problems. In intensive dairy systems, social isolation and space restriction cause chronic stress. Buffalo slaughter in many countries occurs without effective stunning. Welfare improvement must respect livelihoods while addressing suffering through practical, culturally appropriate approaches.