Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates, with complex cognitive and social needs that make their welfare in captivity highly dependent on enrichment quality, space, and management.
Orangutans in inadequate facilities show high rates of stereotypic behaviour, self-directed behaviour, and apparent depression that indicate chronic psychological suffering. Their solitary nature means inappropriate forced grouping causes stress. Extensive climbing structures allowing natural locomotion are essential. Cognitive enrichment must match their intelligence - simple enrichment becomes boring quickly. Geriatric orangutans require specialised care as they age.