Farrowing crate confinement prevents maternal behaviour and movement for 4-6 weeks, and the transition to free-farrowing systems represents one of the most significant welfare improvements available in pig production.
Farrowing crate confinement causes significant and prolonged suffering through restriction of movement and prevention of one of the most strongly motivated behavioural drives - nest building and maternal care. Sows show intense frustration attempts when confined, including stereotypic rooting and bar-biting. The welfare case for transitioning away from crates is overwhelming, and modern free-farrowing systems demonstrate that this is achievable without sacrificing piglet survival. Political and industry commitment to transition timelines, with appropriate financial support for farmers, is the primary remaining barrier.