Raptors in zoos have complex welfare needs related to flight opportunity, perch design, visual environment, and hunting enrichment. Tethering and inadequate space are major welfare concerns.
Raptor welfare in captivity depends critically on flight opportunity, appropriate perch design, and cognitive stimulation. Tethering prevents flight and significantly restricts natural behaviour, causing frustration and physical abnormalities. Large flight aviaries allowing extended flight and behavioural diversity are welfare-superior to traditional falconry-style management. Hunting enrichment - providing prey items that require active pursuit and capture - addresses important behavioural needs. Perch design affects foot health as constant contact with inappropriate surfaces causes bumblefoot infections. Social raptors need appropriate companionship; solitary species require visual barriers. Zoo accreditation bodies are developing raptor-specific welfare standards.