Free farrowing systems allow sows to move freely during birth and nursing, addressing the severe welfare problems of confined farrowing crates. Adoption is growing but challenges remain.
Free farrowing is one of the most significant welfare improvements available in pig production. Farrowing crate confinement prevents sows from performing highly motivated nesting behaviour before birth and results in chronic immobility for weeks. Free farrowing systems allow natural behaviour expression and normal sow-piglet interactions. The main welfare trade-off is increased piglet crushing risk, which well-designed systems with appropriate nest structures can significantly mitigate. Economic barriers to retrofitting existing buildings are the main constraint on adoption. Welfare-conscious retailers are driving free farrowing adoption through supply chain requirements.