Multiple rhinoceros species face extinction from poaching. Zoo populations play important conservation roles, but welfare of these large, complex animals in captivity requires careful management.
Rhinoceros welfare in zoos is a conservation imperative given the species' critical status. Captive populations maintain genetic diversity and breeding potential for future reintroduction programmes. Key welfare challenges include foot health on hard substrates, reproductive management, and providing appropriate social conditions for largely solitary animals. Black and Sumatran rhinos have more complex habitat requirements than white rhinos and show higher welfare challenges in captivity. Environmental enrichment including mud wallowing, novel browse, and olfactory stimulation addresses natural behaviour needs. Welfare monitoring using validated behavioural indicators helps identify and address problems early.