Hippopotamuses have specific welfare needs related to their semi-aquatic lifestyle, aggressive social behaviour, and skin care requirements. Modern zoo exhibits must provide appropriate water access.
Hippo welfare in captivity centres on provision of adequate water access. Without regular immersion, hippo skin cracks and becomes susceptible to injury and infection. Their secreted reddish oily substance ('blood sweat') provides UV protection and antimicrobial properties that reduce in inadequate humidity environments. Social management is challenging as hippos are territorial and aggressive; injuries from conspecific conflict are a significant welfare concern. Modern hippo exhibits provide large, deep pools with land areas and appropriate substrate. Enrichment through varied feeding, novel objects, and substrate exploration addresses cognitive and physical needs. Some zoos have retired hippos citing inability to meet welfare needs adequately.