Advanced approaches to recognising and assessing chronic pain in dogs, including validated scales, behavioural indicators, and owner education.
Chronic pain is a major and underacknowledged welfare problem in dogs. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain often presents subtly through reduced activity, changed behaviour, and altered interaction rather than vocalisation. Validated assessment tools and owner education about chronic pain indicators are essential for ensuring dogs receive appropriate treatment for conditions like osteoarthritis and cancer.