Evidence-based understanding of canine exercise needs - which vary enormously by breed, age, and individual - is essential for providing appropriate physical and mental stimulation.
Exercise is essential for canine welfare but must be appropriate to the individual dog's needs, age, and physical capacity. Both under-exercise and over-exercise cause welfare problems - the former through frustration and boredom, the latter through physical injury. Breed-specific exercise needs are highly variable, and individual assessment is more important than generic guidelines.