Cattle in hot climates face significant heat stress challenges. Understanding thermoregulation and providing appropriate shade and cooling are critical welfare interventions.
Heat stress causes significant suffering in cattle through elevated core body temperature, panting, reduced activity and compromised immune function. In tropical and subtropical regions, heat stress is endemic and its welfare impacts are often normalised. Breed selection for heat tolerance, provision of shade, cooling water and ventilation represent the primary welfare interventions. Climate change makes proactive heat management planning increasingly urgent.