Companion Animals

Companion Cat Outdoor Cat Welfare Evidence Review

Evidence on outcomes for outdoor versus indoor cats shows complex welfare trade-offs requiring individual assessment.

Key Facts

Outdoor cats face higher risk of trauma, infectious disease, and predation
Indoor cats show higher rates of obesity, urinary disease, and behavioural problems if understimulated
Supervised outdoor access through catios or harness training provides intermediate options
Cat personality significantly influences welfare outcomes in different access regimes

Welfare Considerations

Neither indoor nor outdoor access is uniformly better for cat welfare. Individual assessment considering cat temperament, local hazards, and enrichment provision is needed. Providing safe outdoor access while managing risks represents best welfare practice for many cats.

What You Can Do

Assess your cat's individual needs and personality when deciding on outdoor access
Consider a garden enclosure to provide safe outdoor experience
Ensure indoor-only cats receive rich enrichment and play opportunities