Elephant welfare in zoos is complex and contested. Issues of space, social complexity, foot health, and longevity are central to ongoing reform efforts worldwide.
Elephant welfare is seriously compromised in traditional zoo settings. Stereotypies like swaying and head-bobbing indicate chronic psychological distress. Foot disease causes significant chronic pain. Reformers argue that without vast space and stable social groups, captive elephant welfare cannot be adequately met. Sanctuary models may better serve non-releasable individuals.