Free-range and outdoor pig production systems offer significant welfare advantages but require careful management to address mud, weather, and predation challenges.
Free-range pig welfare is substantially better than conventional indoor systems for behavioural expression. Rooting, foraging, and natural social interactions are possible outdoors. However, extreme weather, mud, and predation create welfare challenges requiring active management. Well-managed outdoor systems with shelter, wallows, and sufficient space deliver genuine welfare benefits. Poorly managed systems with excessive stocking and inadequate shelter may not.