Welfare Science

Primate Research: Refinement and the 3Rs

Non-human primates used in biomedical research experience significant welfare challenges, making strong application of the 3Rs principles (Replace, Reduce, Refine) essential.

Key Facts

Around 5,000-6,000 non-human primates are used in research annually in the UK
Macaques (cynomolgus and rhesus) are the most commonly used primate research species
Housing primates singly causes significant psychological distress and is increasingly restricted
Social housing, environmental enrichment and positive reinforcement training improve welfare
The National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs) funds primate welfare research and guidance

Welfare Considerations

Non-human primates are highly social, cognitively complex animals for whom research housing can cause profound welfare problems if poorly managed. Social housing, complex environments with foraging opportunities, species-appropriate group structures and trained staff using positive reinforcement are essential. Regulatory oversight through Home Office licensing in the UK provides some protection.

What You Can Do

Support the work of the NC3Rs in advancing the 3Rs for primate research
Advocate for strong regulatory standards for primate research facilities
Learn about ongoing efforts to develop non-primate alternatives for critical research areas
Donate to organisations that fund welfare-improving research in laboratory animals