Free-range egg systems are marketed as high-welfare but face significant challenges including range utilisation, keel bone fractures, red mite infestations and barn overcrowding.
Free-range egg production is substantially better welfare than conventional cage systems but not without significant challenges. Range utilisation is poor in large flocks, particularly without vegetation cover or shelters encouraging hens outdoors. Keel bone fractures remain prevalent. Red mite causes significant welfare harm through blood loss, anaemia and pain. Consumers should understand that free-range is not a perfect solution.