Indoor-only cats have reduced exposure to natural stressors but also reduced opportunities for natural behaviours, making environmental enrichment essential for welfare.
Indoor confinement without enrichment causes chronic boredom and frustration in cats. The natural behavioural repertoire of hunting, climbing, exploring and territory patrolling cannot simply be switched off. Providing indoor-appropriate outlets for these motivations - puzzle feeders, interactive play, climbing structures and safe outdoor access - significantly improves welfare. Enrichment should be rotated to maintain novelty.