Seabirds mistake plastic fragments for food, causing starvation, internal injury, and death. Reducing plastic pollution directly improves seabird welfare.
Seabird plastic ingestion causes prolonged suffering through internal injury, toxic chemical exposure, and starvation from falsely full stomachs. Chick feeding of plastics by parents adds a tragic intergenerational dimension. The welfare harm is proportional to both the suffering involved and the scale - hundreds of millions of individual seabirds affected globally.