Pangolins are the world's most trafficked mammals. Zoo programs are limited by specialist husbandry requirements, but rescue and rehabilitation are increasingly successful.
Pangolin captive welfare is genuinely difficult - their highly specialized diet, secretive nature, and stress sensitivity make long-term captive management challenging. The most welfare-positive contribution zoos can make to pangolin survival is often conservation funding for anti-poaching and habitat protection rather than attempting long-term captive maintenance that may compromise welfare.