Liver fluke causes significant welfare harm and production losses in cattle worldwide. Integrated management including anthelmintic and pasture strategies reduces the burden.
Liver fluke welfare harm is a chronic and often underrecognized source of production and welfare loss. The combination of liver damage, weight loss, and reduced immune function causes suffering that is rarely obvious until disease is advanced. Integrated management combining pasture management, strategic treatment, and resistance management prevents most welfare harm at lower chemical burden than reactive treatment.