Natterjack toads are the UK's rarest amphibian, restricted to coastal and heathland sites where management is critical to their survival.
Natterjack toads at isolated small sites face welfare risks from inbreeding, desiccation of breeding pools, and predator exposure. Road casualties are individually significant given the small total population size. Breeding failures from cold springs or pool desiccation represent population-scale reproductive welfare harms. Conservation management that maintains pool conditions reduces road mortality.