Welfare Science

Primate Research 3Rs Progress and Welfare

Applying the 3Rs - Replacement, Reduction and Refinement - in primate research has achieved significant welfare improvements.

Key Facts

Non-human primates including macaques and marmosets are used in biomedical research worldwide
The 3Rs framework requires seeking alternatives, minimising animal numbers and refining procedures
Positive reinforcement training for voluntary blood sampling eliminates repeated anaesthetic use
Social housing has replaced individual caging as the standard in many leading research facilities
In vitro, organoid and computational models are increasingly replacing some primate procedures

Welfare Considerations

Primate research causes significant welfare harm through housing, procedures and social deprivation. The 3Rs framework provides a systematic approach to reducing this harm. Progress has been made in refinement through enrichment and cooperative training, but replacement of primates with non-animal models remains the ultimate welfare goal.

What You Can Do

Support the NC3Rs in their research and advocacy for 3Rs implementation
Advocate for government investment in non-animal alternative research technologies
Choose cosmetics and personal care products certified as not tested on animals
Follow Understanding Animal Research for transparent information on current primate research