Pigs are highly susceptible to heat stress due to limited sweating ability, and summer management is critical for welfare in indoor and outdoor systems.
Heat stress is a severe welfare problem for pigs - their inability to sweat makes them vulnerable to rapid heat accumulation. Acute heat stress causes physiological distress and can be fatal. Chronic mild heat stress impairs reproduction and immunity. Providing adequate shade, cool water, and wallowing opportunities is not optional but a welfare necessity during warm weather.