Wolf reintroduction programs have restored ecosystem processes in many regions but require active conflict management to protect both wolves and the livestock farmers they affect.
Wolves killed in conflict with livestock producers typically die from gunshot, trapping, or poisoning. Poisoning causes slow, agonizing deaths. Pups orphaned when adults are killed die of starvation if not found and rehabilitated. The welfare of individual wolves in conflict zones is compromised by the chronic stress of living in areas where human persecution is frequent, requiring avoidance behaviors that affect ranging and feeding. Well-managed coexistence programs with compensation and non-lethal deterrents reduce the welfare costs to wolves while making recovery economically viable for affected communities.