Pine martens were persecuted to near-extinction in England and Wales but are recovering through reintroductions and natural expansion from Scotland, with welfare benefits for individuals and ecosystems.
Pine martens recovering in Wales and spreading naturally into northern England are experiencing the welfare of living in their natural habitat with appropriate prey and territory. However, individuals are still killed illegally by those who perceive them as threats to poultry or game birds. Legal protection and enforcement is essential for maintaining individual welfare gains from the recovery.