Common pipistrelle bats face threats from light pollution, roost disturbance and insect decline, with welfare implications during both the active season and winter hibernation.
Bat welfare is inseparable from the health of their insect food supply and roost availability. Disturbance of maternity roosts during pup-rearing causes abandonment and death of vulnerable young. Inappropriate lighting near roosts delays emergence, reducing foraging time and winter fat reserves. Protecting roosts and reducing light pollution has direct welfare benefits.