Embryo transfer (ET) in cattle has welfare implications at multiple stages - from superovulation of donors to implantation in recipients - requiring careful management to protect all animals.
ET welfare encompasses the donor cow's response to superovulation, the recovery procedure, and the recipient's pregnancy experience. Excessive superovulation cycles compromise donor welfare through repeated hormonal manipulation. Skilled practitioners, appropriate anaesthesia for uterine procedures, and limiting donor cycle frequency are essential welfare safeguards in intensive ET programmes.