Advanced duck welfare research demonstrates that even partial open water provision significantly improves welfare outcomes, and housing design can meaningfully support natural duck behaviour.
The scientific evidence for the welfare benefits of open water access for ducks is compelling and consistent. Ducks denied bathing water develop eye pathology, cannot maintain plumage condition, and are unable to perform comfort behaviours central to their species repertoire. Housing design that incorporates shallow bathing troughs, manages litter quality through appropriate drainage, and provides outdoor access with vegetation delivers the most significant welfare improvements available within commercial systems. The elimination of foie gras production through force-feeding represents the clearest priority at the extreme end of the welfare spectrum.