Camelids - including llamas, alpacas, Bactrian camels, and dromedaries - are increasingly common in zoo collections, with specific welfare needs related to their arid-adapted physiology and social behaviour.
Camelid welfare in captivity is best supported by appropriate group housing, species-suitable high-fibre diets, and careful behavioural management. Llamas and alpacas should not be kept alone, as isolation causes chronic stress. Bactrian camels require large spaces, dry substrates, and protection from damp conditions to which they are physiologically unadapted. Veterinary procedures require either good training with positive reinforcement or safe chemical restraint, as forced restraint causes extreme stress. For zoos housing camelids, investing in behavioural training programmes and providing varied environmental challenges substantially improves welfare outcomes and visitor engagement.