Leather production involves the skins of cattle, pigs, sheep, and exotic species, with welfare considerations that vary by species, country, and production system.
Key Facts
Approximately 1 billion animals are slaughtered for leather globally each year
Most leather is a by-product of the meat industry but some species are raised specifically for hides
Exotic leather from crocodilians, pythons, and ostriches often involves dedicated farming with poor welfare
Chrome tanning of leather involves toxic chemicals with environmental and worker health impacts
Plant-based leather alternatives including mushroom leather, apple leather, and cactus leather are commercially available
Welfare Considerations
Conventional leather welfare is inseparable from meat industry welfare, since cattle leather is primarily a by-product of slaughter. Exotic leather is more welfare-concerning — crocodile farms, python farming, and ostrich slaughter often involve poor welfare standards and sometimes inhumane dispatch methods. Plant-based alternatives have improved dramatically in durability and aesthetics while eliminating animal welfare concerns. Consumer shift toward alternatives is a meaningful market signal.
What You Can Do
Choose plant-based leather alternatives for footwear and accessories where possible
Avoid exotic leather products from crocodile, python, and ostrich sources
Research fashion brands on their leather sourcing policies using Good On You or similar ratings
Support Leather Working Group certification for conventional leather from higher-welfare supply chains