Welfare of Animals in Primate Research Alternatives

The development of alternatives to primate research reflects both ethical concern and scientific recognition that non-human primate models have significant limitations for human disease research.

Key Facts

Approximately 70,000 non-human primates are used in research globally each year
The US is the largest user of non-human primates in research, using approximately 69,000 annually
Organoids, brain-on-chip, and humanized mouse models are replacing some primate uses
Chimpanzee research ended in the US in 2015 following NIH policy change driven by welfare concerns
The EU has restricted primate research to cases where no adequate alternative exists

Welfare Considerations

Primate research welfare has improved significantly through regulatory restriction and alternatives development, but remains among the most ethically challenging areas of research animal use. Primates used in infectious disease research, neuroscience, and drug safety testing experience complex social isolation, experimental procedures, and confinement that cause psychological as well as physical welfare harm. The most meaningful welfare progress comes from replacing primate models with validated alternatives — a scientific challenge being actively addressed by the NC3Rs and equivalent bodies.

What You Can Do

Support NC3Rs funding for non-primate research alternative development
Advocate for mandatory alternatives consideration before any primate research protocol approval
Donate to Johns Hopkins CAAT developing in vitro human-relevant research models
Engage with pharmaceutical industry corporate responsibility commitments on primate research reduction