Stress from poor farming conditions suppresses immune function in tilapia, increasing disease susceptibility and creating a welfare-disease cycle. Good husbandry breaks this cycle by reducing stress and improving immunity.
The relationship between stress and immune suppression in tilapia creates a welfare trap: poor conditions cause stress, stress suppresses immunity, and disease causes further suffering. Breaking this cycle through improved husbandry - appropriate stocking density, good water quality, and careful handling - simultaneously improves welfare, reduces disease costs, and improves product quality.