Reproductive technologies including artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and oestrus synchronisation are widely used in cattle farming. Each has distinct welfare implications that require careful consideration.
Reproductive technologies involve repeated handling, hormonal intervention, and invasive procedures that cause varying degrees of acute stress and discomfort. The welfare costs of these procedures must be evaluated against their benefits to the individual animal and production system. Applying good technique, appropriate analgesia, and minimising unnecessary interventions reduces welfare impacts.