Tilapia are thermophilic fish but face welfare challenges from temperature extremes in both directions. Climate change is affecting optimal temperature windows and creating new thermal welfare challenges.
Tilapia experiencing thermal extremes suffer physiological stress that compromises immunity, feeding, and behaviour. Unexpected cold events can cause mass mortality with significant welfare impacts. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of thermal stress events in tilapia farming areas, requiring adaptive management strategies including shade provision, water depth management, and emergency heating or cooling capacity.