Whooper swans winter in the UK from Iceland and face welfare challenges from disturbance at roost sites and changes in agricultural practices affecting their grassland feeding habitats.
Individual whooper swans at disturbed roost sites experience sleep deprivation and energy costs from repeated roost flights that compromise winter body condition. Protected roost sites with appropriate visitor management policies provide essential welfare refuges during the demanding UK winter period. Agricultural management of grassland and stubble adjacent to roost sites provides accessible food that reduces energy costs of daily foraging.