Ringed plovers wintering on UK estuaries face welfare challenges from shellfish bed management, cold weather, and disturbance from recreational use.
Ringed plovers must maintain sufficient energy balance through winter for spring migration and breeding. Disturbance from beach users forces flight responses that cost energy and reduce feeding time. The cumulative effect of repeated disturbance over winter can compromise body condition needed for successful spring migration. Protected zones at key estuarine sites provide undisturbed feeding that improves individual bird welfare and migration condition.